Planetary Habitability
Astrobiology is a discipline that seeks to identify habitats for life in
the universe. Exoplanets are a good place to look for
life, and I have narrowed down the locations to look.
Previous
work suggested that the best place to look is where a planet with
similar properties as the Earth receives about the same amount of light from
its star as the Earth. Such a planet is likely to support water on its
surface, as opposed to ice or steam. It turns out that we are most
sensitive to
Earth-mass planets in such a region around low mass stars, where this
"habitable zone" is closer to the star than for the Earth.
If a planet is close enough to its star, tidal effects can cause unusual
things to happen: The rotation rate of the planet becomes fixed to a
particular value, the planet's spin axis is perpendicular to its orbit (no
seasons!), and the planet can be deformed such that energy is pumped into
its interior. Analogous processes occur on Jupiter's satellite Io, which has
so much tidal energy deposited inside it that it's the most volcanic body
in the
Solar System! If exoplanets are heated to this level, they probably aren't
habitable (at least not in the way we understand it).
On the other hand, some heat is a good thing. On Earth, we have some
volcanism,
and it doesn't seem to reduce its habitability. In fact, the plate tectonics
that lead to terrestrial volcanism probably helps habitability because it
helps keep carbon dioxide from building in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is
a greenhouse gas and without plate tectonics (which requires internal heat),
the Earth would probably turn into a Venus-like world (also bad for
habitability).
Thus, in order to be habitable, a planet should have less heating than
Io, but enough to drive plate tectonics. These ideas led my colleagues and
I to
propose a "tidal habitable zone" around low mass stars (Barnes et al. 2009b). The
figure below shows how this tidal habitable zone compares to the zone based
on starlight.

Fig. 1 - The traditional habitable zone (blue region) and the tidal
habitable zone (yellow regions). The y-axis is the stellar mass in units of
solar mass, and the x-axis is the semi-major axis in astronomical units. The
two yellow strip correspond to different orbital eccentricities (the left
assumes its 0.01, the right 0.5). Green regions, where the two requirements
are both satisfied, may be the best place to look for habitable planets.
Last Update: 31 Aug 2009